标准电极电势表

电极电势的产生—双电层理论

德国化学家能斯特（H．W．Nernst）提出了双电层理论（electron double layer theory）解释电极电势的产生的原因。当金属放入溶液中时，一方面金属晶体中处于热运动的金属离子在极性水分子的作用下，离开金属表面进入溶液。金属性质越活泼，这种趋势就越大；另一方面溶液中的金属离子，由于受到金属表面电子的吸引，而在金属表面沉积，溶液中金属离子的浓度越大，这种趋势也越大。在一定浓度的溶液中达到平衡后，在金属和溶液两相界面上形成了一个带相反电荷的双电层（electron double layer），双电层的厚度虽然很小(一般约为0.2-20纳米数量级)，但却在金属和溶液之间产生了电势差。

通常人们就把产生在金属和盐溶液之间的双电层间的电势差称为金属的电极电势（electrode potential），并以此描述电极得失电子能力的相对强弱。电极电势以符号E(Mn+/M)表示，单位为V(伏)。如锌的电极电势以E(Zn2+/Zn)表示,铜的电极电势以E(Cu2+/Cu)表示。电极电势的大小主要取决于电极的本性，并受温度、介质和离子浓度等因素的影响。

公式

任何温度下标准氢电极的标准电极电势值都为0，但其他电极电势值会受到温度影响。以Ni/NiO电极为例，它可以用作高温伪参比电极，在0-400°C时的电极电势大致符合以下公式：E°(T)=-0.0003T+0.1414，T为温度，单位为K。表中数据多为298K（25℃)条件。

电极电势表

电对n方程式nEq/VnLi(I)－(0)nLi++e-=Lin-3.0401nK(I)－(0)nK++e-=Kn-2.931nRb(I)－(0)nRb++e-=Rbn-2.927nCs(I)－(0)nCs++e-=Csn-2.925nBa(II)－(0)nBa2++2e-=Ban-2.912nSr(II)－(0)nSr2++2e-=Srn-2.89nCa(II)－(0)nCa2++2e-=Can-2.868nNa(I)－(0)nNa++e-=Nan-2.71nLa(III)－(0)nLa3++3e-=Lan-2.379nMg(II)－(0)nMg2++2e-=Mgn-2.372nCe(III)－(0)nCe3++3e-=Cen-2.336nH(0)－(-I)nH2(g)+2e-=2H-n-2.23nAl(III)－(0)nAlF63-+3e-=Al+6F-n-2.069nTh(IV)－(0)nTh4++4e-=Thn-1.899nBe(II)－(0)nBe2++2e-=Ben-1.847nU(III)－(0)nU3++3e-=Un-1.798nHf(IV)－(0)nHfO2++2H++4e-=Hf+H2On-1.724nAl(III)－(0)nAl3++3e-=Aln-1.662nTi(II)－(0)nTi2++2e-=Tin-1.630nZr(IV)－(0)nZrO2+4H++4e-=Zr+2H2On-1.553nSi(IV)－(0)n[SiF6]2-+4e-=Si+6F-n-1.24nMn(II)－(0)nMn2++2e-=Mnn-1.185nCr(II)－(0)nCr2++2e-=Crn-0.913nTi(III)－(II)nTi3++e-=Ti2+n-0.9nB(III)－(0)nH3BO3+3H++3e-=B+3H2On-0.8698n*Ti(IV)－(0)nTiO2+4H++4e-=Ti+2H2On-0.86nTe(0)－(-II)nTe+2H++2e-=H2Ten-0.793nZn(II)－(0)nZn2++2e-=Znn-0.7618nTa(V)－(0)nTa2O5+10H++10e-=2Ta+5H2On-0.750nCr(III)－(0)nCr3++3e-=Crn-0.744nNb(V)－(0)nNb2O5+10H++10e-=2Nb+5H2On-0.644nAs(0)－(-III)nAs+3H++3e-=AsH3n-0.608nU(IV)－(III)nU4++e-=U3+n-0.607nGa(III)－(0)nGa3++3e-=Gan-0.549nP(I)－(0)nH3PO2+H++e-=P+2H2On-0.508nP(III)－(I)nH3PO3+2H++2e-=H3PO2+H2On-0.499n*C(IV)－(III)n2CO2+2H++2e-=H2C2O4n-0.49nFe(II)－(0)nFe2++2e-=Fen-0.447nCr(III)－(II)nCr3++e-=Cr2+n-0.407nCd(II)－(0)nCd2++2e-=Cdn-0.4030nSe(0)－(-II)nSe+2H++2e-=H2Se(aq)n-0.399nPb(II)－(0)nPbI2+2e-=Pb+2I-n-0.365nEu(III)－(II)nEu3++e-=Eu2+n-0.36nPb(II)－(0)nPbSO4+2e-=Pb+SO42-n-0.3588nIn(III)－(0)nIn3++3e-=Inn-0.3382nTl(I)－(0)nTl++e-=Tln-0.336nCo(II)－(0)nCo2++2e-=Con-0.28nP(V)－(III)nH3PO4+2H++2e-=H3PO3+H2On-0.276nPb(II)－(0)nPbCl2+2e-=Pb+2Cl-n-0.2675nNi(II)－(0)nNi2++2e-=Nin-0.257nV(III)－(II)nV3++e-=V2+n-0.255nGe(IV)－(0)nH2GeO3+4H++4e-=Ge+3H2On-0.182nAg(I)－(0)nAgI+e-=Ag+I-n-0.15224nSn(II)－(0)nSn2++2e-=Snn-0.1375nPb(II)－(0)nPb2++2e-=Pbn-0.1262n*C(IV)－(II)nCO2(g)+2H++2e-=CO+H2On-0.12nP(0)－(-III)nP(白磷)+3H++3e-=PH3(g)n-0.063nHg(I)－(0)nHg2I2+2e-=2Hg+2I-n-0.0405nFe(III)－(0)nFe3++3e-=Fen-0.037nH(I)－(0)n2H++2e-=H2n0.0000nAg(I)－(0)nAgBr+e-=Ag+Br-n0.07133nS(II.V)－(II)nS4O62-+2e-=2S2O32-n0.08n*Ti(IV)－(III)nTiO2++2H++e-=Ti3++H2On0.1nS(0)－(-II)nS+2H++2e-=H2S(aq)n0.142nSn(IV)－(II)nSn4++2e-=Sn2+n0.151nSb(III)－(0)nSb2O3+6H++6e-=2Sb+3H2On0.152nCu(II)－(I)nCu2++e-=Cu+n0.153nBi(III)－(0)nBiOCl+2H++3e-=Bi+Cl-+H2On0.1583nS(VI)－(IV)nSO42-+4H++2e-=H2SO3+H2On0.172nSb(III)－(0)nSbO++2H++3e-=Sb+H2On0.212nAg(I)－(0)nAgCl+e-=Ag+Cl-n0.22233nAs(III)－(0)nHAsO2+3H++3e-=As+2H2On0.248nHg(I)－(0)nHg2Cl2+2e-=2Hg+2Cl-(饱和KCl)n0.26808nBi(III)－(0)nBiO++2H++3e-=Bi+H2On0.320nU(VI)－(IV)nUO22++4H++2e-=U4++2H2On0.327nC(IV)－(III)n2HCNO+2H++2e-=(CN)2+2H2On0.330nV(IV)－(III)nVO2++2H++e-=V3++H2On0.337nCu(II)－(0)nCu2++2e-=Cun0.3419nRe(VII)－(0)nReO4-+8H++7e-=Re+4H2On0.368nAg(I)－(0)nAg2CrO4+2e-=2Ag+CrO42-n0.4470nS(IV)－(0)nH2SO3+4H++4e-=S+3H2On0.449nCu(I)－(0)nCu++e-=Cun0.521nI(0)－(-I)nI2+2e-=2I-n0.5355nI(0)－(-I)nI3-+2e-=3I-n0.536nAs(V)－(III)nH3AsO4+2H++2e-=HAsO2+2H2On0.560nSb(V)－(III)nSb2O5+6H++4e-=2SbO++3H2On0.581nTe(IV)－(0)nTeO2+4H++4e-=Te+2H2On0.593nU(V)－(IV)nUO2++4H++e-=U4++2H2On0.612n**Hg(II)－(I)n2HgCl2+2e-=Hg2Cl2+2Cl-n0.63nPt(IV)－(II)n[PtCl6]2-+2e-=[PtCl4]2-+2Cl-n0.68nO(0)－(-I)nO2+2H++2e-=H2O2n0.695nPt(II)－(0)n[PtCl4]2-+2e-=Pt+4Cl-n0.755n*Se(IV)－(0)nH2SeO3+4H++4e-=Se+3H2On0.74nFe(III)－(II)nFe3++e-=Fe2+n0.771nHg(I)－(0)nHg22++2e-=2Hgn0.7973nAg(I)－(0)nAg++e-=Agn0.7996nOs(VIII)－(0)nOsO4+8H++8e-=Os+4H2On0.8nN(V)－(IV)n2NO3-+4H++2e-=N2O4+2H2On0.803nHg(II)－(0)nHg2++2e-=Hgn0.851nSi(IV)－(0)nSiO2(石英)+4H++4e-=Si+2H2On0.857nCu(II)－(I)nCu2++I-+e-=CuIn0.86nN(III)－(I)n2HNO2+4H++4e-=H2N2O2+2H2On0.86nHg(II)－(I)n2Hg2++2e-=Hg22+n0.920nN(V)－(III)nNO3-+3H++2e-=HNO2+H2On0.934nPd(II)－(0)nPd2++2e-=Pdn0.951nN(V)－(II)nNO3-+4H++3e-=NO+2H2On0.957nN(III)－(II)nHNO2+H++e-=NO+H2On0.983nI(I)－(-I)nHIO+H++2e-=I-+H2On0.987nV(V)－(IV)nVO2++2H++e-=VO2++H2On0.991nV(V)－(IV)nV(OH)4++2H++e-=VO2++3H2On1.00nAu(III)－(0)n[AuCl4]-+3e-=Au+4Cl-n1.002nTe(VI)－(IV)nH6TeO6+2H++2e-=TeO2+4H2On1.02nN(IV)－(II)nN2O4+4H++4e-=2NO+2H2On1.035nN(IV)－(III)nN2O4+2H++2e-=2HNO2n1.065nI(V)－(-I)nIO3-+6H++6e-=I-+3H2On1.085nBr(0)－(-I)nBr2(aq)+2e-=2Br-n1.0873nSe(VI)－(IV)nSeO42-+4H++2e-=H2SeO3+H2On1.151nCl(V)－(IV)nClO3-+2H++e-=ClO2+H2On1.152nPt(II)－(0)nPt2++2e-=Ptn1.18nCl(VII)－(V)nClO4-+2H++2e-=ClO3-+H2On1.189nI(V)－(0)n2IO3-+12H++10e-=I2+6H2On1.195nCl(V)－(III)nClO3-+3H++2e-=HClO2+H2On1.214nMn(IV)－(II)nMnO2+4H++2e-=Mn2++2H2On1.224nO(0)－(-II)nO2+4H++4e-=2H2On1.229nTl(III)－(I)nTl3++2e-=Tl+n1.252nCl(IV)－(III)nClO2+H++e-=HClO2n1.277nN(III)－(I)n2HNO2+4H++4e-=N2O+3H2On1.297n**Cr(VI)－(III)nCr2O72-+14H++6e-=2Cr3++7H2On1.33nBr(I)－(-I)nHBrO+H++2e-=Br+H2On1.331nCr(VI)－(III)nHCrO4-+7H++3e-=Cr3++4H2On1.350nCl(0)－(-I)nCl2(g)+2e-=2Cl-n1.35827nCl(VII)－(-I)nClO4-+8H++8e-=Cl-+4H2On1.389nCl(VII)－(0)n2ClO4-+16H++14e-=Cl2+8H2On1.39nAu(III)－(I)nAu3++2e-=Au+n1.401nBr(V)－(-I)nBrO3-+6H++6e-=Br-+3H2On1.423nI(I)－(0)n2HIO+2H++2e-=I2+2H2On1.439nCl(V)－(-I)nClO3-+6H++6e-=Cl-+3H2On1.451nPb(IV)－(II)nPbO2+4H++2e-=Pb2++2H2On1.455nCl(V)－(0)n2ClO3-+12H++10e-=Cl2+6H2On1.47nCl(I)－(-I)nHClO+H++2e-=Cl-+H2On1.482nBr(V)－(0)n2BrO3-+12H++10e-=Br2+6H2On1.482nAu(III)－(0)nAu3++3e-=Aun1.498nMn(VII)－(II)nMnO4-+8H++5e-=Mn2++4H2On1.507nMn(III)－(II)nMn3++e-=Mn2+n1.5415nCl(III)－(-I)nHClO2+3H++4e-=Cl-+2H2On1.570nBr(I)－(0)n2HBrO+2H++2e-=Br2(aq)+2H2On1.574nN(II)－(I)n2NO+2H++2e-=N2O+H2On1.591nI(VII)－(V)nH5IO6+H++2e-=IO3-+3H2On1.601nCl(I)－(0)n2HClO+2H++2e-=Cl2+2H2On1.611nCl(III)－(I)nHClO2+2H++2e-=HClO+H2On1.645nNi(IV)－(II)nNiO2+4H++2e-=Ni2++2H2On1.678nMn(VII)－(IV)nMnO4-+4H++3e-=MnO2+2H2On1.679nPb(IV)－(II)nPbO2+SO42-+4H++2e-=PbSO4+2H2On1.6913nAu(I)－(0)nAu++e-=Aun1.692nCe(IV)－(III)nCe4++e-=Ce3+n1.72nN(I)－(0)nN2O+2H++2e-=N2+H2On1.766nO(-I)－(-II)nH2O2+2H++2e-=2H2On1.776nCo(III)－(II)nCo3++e-=Co2+(2mol·L-1H2SO4)n1.83nAg(II)－(I)nAg2++e-=Ag+n1.980nS(VII)－(VI)nS2O82-+2e-=2SO42-n2.010nO(0)－(-II)nO3+2H++2e-=O2+H2On2.076nO(II)－(-II)nF2O+2H++4e-=H2O+2F-n2.153nFe(VI)－(III)nFeO42-+8H++3e-=Fe3++4H2On2.20nO(0)－(-II)nO(g)+2H++2e-=H2On2.421nF(0)－(-I)nF2+2e-=2F-n2.866nF(0)－(-I)nF2+2H++2e-=2HFn3.053n备注：n*摘自J.A.Dean Ed,Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry,13th. edition,1985。n**摘自其他参考书。n碱表n电对n方程式nEq/VnCa(II)－(0)nCa(OH)2+2e-=Ca+2OH-n-3.02nBa(II)－(0)nBa(OH)2+2e-=Ba+2OH-n-2.99nLa(III)－(0)nLa(OH)3+3e-=La+3OH-n-2.90nSr(II)－(0)nSr(OH)2·8H2O+2e-=Sr+2OH-+8H2On-2.88nMg(II)－(0)nMg(OH)2+2e-=Mg+2OH-n-2.690nBe(II)－(0)nBe2O32-+3H2O+4e-=2Be+6OH-n-2.63nHf(IV)－(0)nHfO(OH)2+H2O+4e-=Hf+4OH-n-2.50nZr(IV)－(0)nH2ZrO3+H2O+4e-=Zr+4OH-n-2.36nAl(III)－(0)nH2AlO3-+H2O+3e-=Al+4OH-n-2.33nP(I)－(0)nH2PO2-+e-=P+2OH-n-1.82nB(III)－(0)nH2BO3-+H2O+3e-=B+4OH-n-1.79nP(III)－(0)nHPO32-+2H2O+3e-=P+5OH-n-1.71nSi(IV)－(0)nSiO32-+3H2O+4e-=Si+6OH-n-1.697nP(III)－(I)nHPO32-+2H2O+2e-=H2PO2-+3OH-n-1.65nMn(II)－(0)nMn(OH)2+2e-=Mn+2OH-n-1.56nCr(III)－(0)nCr(OH)3+3e-=Cr+3OH-n-1.48n*Zn(II)－(0)n[Zn(CN)4]2-+2e-=Zn+4CN-n-1.26nZn(II)－(0)nZnO+H2O+2e-=Zn+2OH-n-1.249nGa(III)－(0)nH2GaO3-+H2O+3e-=Ga+4OH-n-1.219nZn(II)－(0)nZnO22-+2H2O+2e-=Zn+4OH-n-1.215nCr(III)－(0)nCrO2-+2H2O+3e-=Cr+4OH-n-1.2nTe(0)－(-I)nTe+2e-=Te2-n-1.143nP(V)－(III)nPO43-+2H2O+2e-=HPO32-+3OH-n-1.05n*Zn(II)－(0)n[Zn(NH3)4]2++2e-=Zn+4NH3n-1.04n*W(VI)－(0)nWO42-+4H2O+6e-=W+8OH-n-1.01n*Ge(IV)－(0)nHGeO3-+2H2O+4e-=Ge+5OH-n-1.0nSn(IV)－(II)n[Sn(OH)6]2-+2e-=HSnO2-+H2O+3OH-n-0.93nS(VI)－(IV)nSO42-+H2O+2e-=SO32-+2OH-n-0.93nSe(0)－(-II)nSe+2e-=Se2-n-0.924nSn(II)－(0)nHSnO2-+H2O+2e-=Sn+3OH-n-0.909nP(0)－(-III)nP+3H2O+3e-=PH3(g)+3OH-n-0.87nN(V)－(IV)n2NO3-+2H2O+2e-=N2O4+4OH-n-0.85nH(I)－(0)n2H2O+2e-=H2+2OH-n-0.8277nCd(II)－(0)nCd(OH)2+2e-=Cd(Hg)+2OH-n-0.809nCo(II)－(0)nCo(OH)2+2e-=Co+2OH-n-0.73nNi(II)－(0)nNi(OH)2+2e-=Ni+2OH-n-0.72nAs(V)－(III)nAsO43-+2H2O+2e-=AsO2-+4OH-n-0.71nAg(I)－(0)nAg2S+2e-=2Ag+S2-n-0.691nAs(III)－(0)nAsO2-+2H2O+3e-=As+4OH-n-0.68nSb(III)－(0)nSbO2-+2H2O+3e-=Sb+4OH-n-0.66n*Re(VII)－(IV)nReO4-+2H2O+3e-=ReO2+4OH-n-0.59n*Sb(V)－(III)nSbO3-+H2O+2e-=SbO2-+2OH-n-0.59nRe(VII)－(0)nReO4-+4H2O+7e-=Re+8OH-n-0.584n*S(IV)－(II)n2SO32-+3H2O+4e-=S2O32-+6OH-n-0.58nTe(IV)－(0)nTeO32-+3H2O+4e-=Te+6OH-n-0.57nFe(III)－(II)nFe(OH)3+e-=Fe(OH)2+OH-n-0.56nS(0)－(-II)nS+2e-=S2-n-0.47627nBi(III)－(0)nBi2O3+3H2O+6e-=2Bi+6OH-n-0.6nN(III)－(II)nNO2-+H2O+e-=NO+2OH-n-0.46n*Co(II)－(0)n[Co(NH3)6]2++2e-=Co+6NH3n-0.422nSe(IV)－(0)nSeO32-+3H2O+4e-=Se+6OH-n-0.366nCu(I)－(0)nCu2O+H2O+2e-=2Cu+2OH-n-0.360nTl(I)－(0)nTlOH+e-=Tl+OH-n-0.34n*Ag(I)－(0)n[Ag(CN)2]-+e-=Ag+2CN-n-0.31nCu(II)－(0)nCu(OH)2+2e-=Cu+2OH-n-0.222nCr(VI)－(III)nCrO42-+4H2O+3e-=Cr(OH)3+5OH-n-0.13n*Cu(I)－(0)n[Cu(NH3)2]++e-=Cu+2NH3n-0.12nO(0)－(-I)nO2+H2O+2e-=HO2-+OH-n-0.076nAg(I)－(0)nAgCN+e-=Ag+CN-n-0.017nN(V)－(III)nNO3-+H2O+2e-=NO2-+2OH-n0.01nSe(VI)－(IV)nSeO42-+H2O+2e-=SeO32-+2OH-n0.05nPd(II)－(0)nPd(OH)2+2e-=Pd+2OH-n0.07nS(II,V)－(II)nS4O62-+2e-=2S2O32-n0.08nHg(II)－(0)nHgO+H2O+2e-=Hg+2OH-n0.0977nCo(III)－(II)n[Co(NH3)6]3++e-=[Co(NH3)6]2+n0.108nPt(II)－(0)nPt(OH)2+2e-=Pt+2OH-n0.14nCo(III)－(II)nCo(OH)3+e-=Co(OH)2+OH-n0.17nPb(IV)－(II)nPbO2+H2O+2e-=PbO+2OH-n0.247nI(V)－(-I)nIO3-+3H2O+6e-=I-+6OH-n0.26nCl(V)－(III)nClO3-+H2O+2e-=ClO2-+2OH-n0.33nAg(I)－(0)nAg2O+H2O+2e-=2Ag+2OH-n0.342nFe(III)－(II)n[Fe(CN)6]3-+e-=[Fe(CN)6]4-n0.358nCl(VII)－(V)nClO4-+H2O+2e-=ClO3-+2OH-n0.36n*Ag(I)－(0)n[Ag(NH3)2]++e-=Ag+2NH3n0.373nO(0)－(-II)nO2+2H2O+4e-=4OH-n0.401nI(I)－(-I)nIO-+H2O+2e-=I-+2OH-n0.485n*Ni(IV)－(II)nNiO2+2H2O+2e-=Ni(OH)2+2OH-n0.490nMn(VII)－(VI)nMnO4-+e-=MnO42-n0.558nMn(VII)－(IV)nMnO4-+2H2O+3e-=MnO2+4OH-n0.595nMn(VI)－(IV)nMnO42-+2H2O+2e-=MnO2+4OH-n0.60nAg(II)－(I)n2AgO+H2O+2e-=Ag2O+2OH-n0.607nBr(V)－(-I)nBrO3-+3H2O+6e-=Br-+6OH-n0.61nCl(V)－(-I)nClO3-+3H2O+6e-=Cl-+6OH-n0.62nCl(III)－(I)nClO2-+H2O+2e-=ClO-+2OH-n0.66nI(VII)－(V)nH3IO62-+2e-=IO3-+3OH-n0.7nCl(III)－(-I)nClO2-+2H2O+4e-=Cl-+4OH-n0.76nBr(I)－(-I)nBrO-+H2O+2e-=Br-+2OH-n0.761nCl(I)－(-I)nClO-+H2O+2e-=Cl-+2OH-n0.841n*Cl(IV)－(III)nClO2(g)+e-=ClO2-n0.95nO(0)－(-II)nO3+H2O+2e-=O2+2OH-n1.24n标准电极电势表n半反应nE°(V)n来源n3N2(g)+2H++2e-=2HN3(aq)n-3.09n[6]nLi++e-=Li(s)n-3.0401n[5]nN2(g)+4H2O+2e-=2NH2OH(aq)+2OH-n-3.04n[6]nK++e-=K(s)n-2.931n[5]nRb++e-=Rb(s)n-2.927n[4]nCs++e-=Cs(s)n-2.925n[5]nBa2++2e-=Ba(s)n-2.912n[5]nLa(OH)3(s)+3e-=La(s)+3OH-n-2.90n[5]nSr2++2e-=Sr(s)n-2.899n[5]nCa2++2e-=Ca(s)n-2.868n[5]nEu2++2e-=Eu(s)n-2.812n[5]nRa2++2e-=Ra(s)n-2.8n[5]nNa++e-=Na(s)n-2.71n[5][9]nLa3++3e-=La(s)n-2.379n[5]nY3++3e-=Y(s)n-2.372n[5]nMg2++2e-=Mg(s)n-2.372n[5]nZrO(OH)2(s)+H2O+4e-=Zr(s)+4OH-n-2.36n[5]nAl(OH)4-+3e-=Al(s)+4OH-n-2.33nAl(OH)3(s)+3e-=Al(s)+3OH-n-2.31nH2(g)+2e-=2H-n-2.25nAc3++3e-=Ac(s)n-2.20nBe2++2e-=Be(s)n-1.85nU3++3e-=U(s)n-1.66n[7]nAl3++3e-=Al(s)n-1.66n[9]nTi2++2e-=Ti(s)n-1.63n[9]nZrO2(s)+4H++4e-=Zr(s)+2H2On-1.553n[5]nZr4++4e-=Zr(s)n-1.45n[5]nTiO(s)+2H++2e-=Ti(s)+H2On-1.31nTi2O3(s)+2H++2e-=2TiO(s)+H2On-1.23nTi3++3e-=Ti(s)n-1.21nTe(s)+2e-=Te2-n-1.143n[2]nV2++2e-=V(s)n-1.13nNb3++3e-=Nb(s)n-1.099nSn(s)+4H++4e-=SnH4(g)n-1.07nMn2++2e-=Mn(s)n-1.029n[9]nSiO2(s)+4H++4e-=Si(s)+2H2On-0.91nB(OH)3(aq)+3H++3e-=B(s)+3H2On-0.89nTiO2++2H++4e-=Ti(s)+H2On-0.86nBi(s)+3H++3e-=BiH3n-0.8n2H2O+2e-=H2(g)+2OH-n-0.8277n[5]nZn2++2e-=Zn(Hg)n-0.7628n[5]nZn2++2e-=Zn(s)n-0.7618n[5]nTa2O5(s)+10H++10e-=2Ta(s)+5H2On-0.75nCr3++3e-=Cr(s)n-0.74n[Au(CN)2]-+e-=Au(s)+2CN-n-0.60nTa3++3e-=Ta(s)n-0.6nPbO(s)+H2O+2e-=Pb(s)+2OH-n-0.58n2TiO2(s)+2H++2e-=Ti2O3(s)+H2On-0.56nGa3++3e-=Ga(s)n-0.53nU4++e-=U3+n-0.52n[7]nH3PO2(aq)+H++e-=P(白磷)*+2H2On-0.508n[5]nH3PO3(aq)+2H++2e-=H3PO2(aq)+H2On-0.499n[5]nH3PO3(aq)+3H++3e-=P(红磷)*+3H2On-0.454n[5]nFe2++2e-=Fe(s)n-0.44n[9]n2CO2(g)+2H++2e-=HOOCCOOH(aq)n-0.43nCr3++e-=Cr2+n-0.42nCd2++2e-=Cd(s)n-0.40n[9]nGeO2(s)+2H++2e-=GeO(s)+H2On-0.37nCu2O(s)+H2O+2e-=2Cu(s)+2OH-n-0.360n[5]nPbSO4(s)+2e-=Pb(s)+SO42-n-0.3588n[5]nPbSO4(s)+2e-=Pb(Hg)+SO42-n-0.3505n[5]nEu3++e-=Eu2+n-0.35n[7]nIn3++3e-=In(s)n-0.34n[2]nTl++e-=Tl(s)n-0.34n[2]nGe(s)+4H++4e-=GeH4(g)n-0.29nCo2++2e-=Co(s)n-0.28n[5]nH3PO4(aq)+2H++2e-=H3PO3(aq)+H2On-0.276n[5]nV3++e-=V2+n-0.26n[9]nNi2++2e-=Ni(s)n-0.25nAs(s)+3H++3e-=AsH3(g)n-0.23n[2]nMoO2(s)+4H++4e-=Mo(s)+2H2On-0.15nSi(s)+4H++4e-=SiH4(g)n-0.14nSn2++2e-=Sn(s)n-0.13nO2(g)+H++e-=HO2·(aq)n-0.13nPb2++2e-=Pb(s)n-0.13n[9]nWO2(s)+4H++4e-=W(s)+2H2On-0.12nP(红磷)+3H++3e-=PH3(g)n-0.111n[5]nCO2(g)+2H++2e-=HCOOH(aq)n-0.11nSe(s)+2H++2e-=H2Se(g)n-0.11nCO2(g)+2H++2e-=CO(g)+H2On-0.11nSnO(s)+2H++2e-=Sn(s)+H2On-0.10nSnO2(s)+2H++2e-=SnO(s)+H2On-0.09nWO3(aq)+6H++6e-=W(s)+3H2On-0.09n[2]nP(白磷)+3H++3e-=PH3(g)n-0.063n[5]nHCOOH(aq)+2H++2e-=HCHO(aq)+H2On-0.03n2H++2e-=H2(g)n≡0nS4O62-+2e-=2S2O32-n+0.08nFe3O4(s)+8H++8e-=3Fe(s)+4H2On+0.085n[8]nN2(g)+2H2O+6H++6e-=2NH4OH(aq)n+0.092nHgO(s)+H2O+2e-=Hg(l)+2OH-n+0.0977nCu(NH3)42++e-=Cu(NH3)2++2NH3n+0.10n[2]nRu(NH3)63++e-=Ru(NH3)62+n+0.10n[7]nN2H4(aq)+4H2O+2e-=2NH4++4OH-n+0.11nH2MoO4(aq)+6H++6e-=Mo(s)+4H2On+0.11nGe4++4e-=Ge(s)n+0.12nC(s)+4H++4e-=CH4(g)n+0.13n[2]nHCHO(aq)+2H++2e-=CH3OH(aq)n+0.13nS(s)+2H++2e-=H2S(g)n+0.14nSn4++2e-=Sn2+n+0.15nCu2++e-=Cu+n+0.159n[2]nHSO4-+3H++2e-=SO2(aq)+2H2On+0.16nUO22++e-=UO2+n+0.163n[7]nSO42-+4H++2e-=SO2(aq)+2H2On+0.17nTiO2++2H++e-=Ti3++H2On+0.19nBi3++2e-=Bi+n+0.2nSbO++2H++3e-=Sb(s)+H2On+0.20nH3AsO3(aq)+3H++3e-=As(s)+3H2On+0.24nGeO(s)+2H++2e-=Ge(s)+H2On+0.26nUO2++4H++e-=U4++2H2On+0.273n[7]nRe3++3e-=Re(s)n+0.300nBi3++3e-=Bi(s)n+0.32nVO2++2H++e-=V3++H2On+0.34nCu2++2e-=Cu(s)n+0.340n[2]n[Fe(CN)6]3-+e-=[Fe(CN)6]4-n+0.36nO2(g)+2H2O+4e-=4OH-(aq)n+0.40n[9]nH2MoO4+6H++3e-=Mo3++4H2On+0.43nBi++e-=Bi(s)n+0.50nCH3OH(aq)+2H++2e-=CH4(g)+H2On+0.50nSO2(aq)+4H++4e-=S(s)+2H2On+0.50nCu++e-=Cu(s)n+0.520n[2]nCO(g)+2H++2e-=C(s)+H2On+0.52nI2(s)+2e-=2I-n+0.54n[9]nI3-+2e-=3I-n+0.53n[9]n[AuI4]-+3e-=Au(s)+4I-n+0.56nH3AsO4(aq)+2H++2e-=H3AsO3(aq)+H2On+0.56n[AuI2]-+e-=Au(s)+2I-n+0.58nMnO4-+2H2O+3e-=MnO2(s)+4OH-n+0.59nS2O32-+6H++4e-=2S(s)+3H2On+0.60nH2MoO4(aq)+2H++2e-=MoO2(s)+2H2On+0.65nO2(g)+2H++2e-=H2O2(aq)n+0.70nTl3++3e-=Tl(s)n+0.72nPtCl62-+2e-=PtCl42-+2Cl-n+0.726n[7]nH2SeO3(aq)+4H++4e-=Se(s)+3H2On+0.74nPtCl42-+2e-=Pt(s)+4Cl-n+0.758n[7]nFe3++e-=Fe2+n+0.77nAg++e-=Ag(s)n+0.7996n[5]nHg22++2e-=2Hg(l)n+0.80nNO3-(aq)+2H++e-=NO2(g)+H2On+0.80n[AuBr4]-+3e-=Au(s)+4Br-n+0.85nHg2++2e-=Hg(l)n+0.85nMnO4-+H++e-=HMnO4-n+0.90n2Hg2++2e-=Hg22+n+0.91n[2]nPd2++2e-=Pd(s)n+0.915n[7]n[AuCl4]-+3e-=Au(s)+4Cl-n+0.93nMnO2(s)+4H++e-=Mn3++2H2On+0.95n[AuBr2]-+e-=Au(s)+2Br-n+0.96nBr2(l)+2e-=2Br-n+1.07nBr2(aq)+2e-=2Br-n+1.09n[9]nIO3-+5H++4e-=HIO(aq)+2H2On+1.13n[AuCl2]-+e-=Au(s)+2Cl-n+1.15nHSeO4-+3H++2e-=H2SeO3(aq)+H2On+1.15nAg2O(s)+2H++2e-=2Ag(s)+H2On+1.17nClO3-+2H++e-=ClO2(g)+H2On+1.18nPt2++2e-=Pt(s)n+1.188n[7]nClO2(g)+H++e-=HClO2(aq)n+1.19n2IO3-+12H++10e-=I2(s)+6H2On+1.20nClO4-+2H++2e-=ClO3-+H2On+1.20nO2(g)+4H++4e-=2H2On+1.23n[9]nMnO2(s)+4H++2e-=Mn2++2H2On+1.23nTl3++2e-=Tl+n+1.25nCl2(g)+2e-=2Cl-n+1.36n[9]nCr2O7- +14H++6e-=2Cr3++7H2On+1.33nCoO2(s)+4H++e-=Co3++2H2On+1.42n2NH3OH++H++2e-=N2H5++2H2On+1.42n[6]n2HIO(aq)+2H++2e-=I2(s)+2H2On+1.44nCe4++e-=Ce3+n+1.44nBrO3-+5H++4e-=HBrO(aq)+2H2On+1.45nβ-PbO2(s)+4H++2e-=Pb2++2H2On+1.460n[2]nα-PbO2(s)+4H++2e-=Pb2++2H2On+1.468n[2]n2BrO3-+12H++10e-=Br2(l)+6H2On+1.48n2ClO3-+12H++10e-=Cl2(g)+6H2On+1.49nMnO4-+8H++5e-=Mn2++4H2On+1.51nHO2·+H++e-=H2O2(aq)n+1.51nAu3++3e-=Au(s)n+1.52nNiO2(s)+2H++2e-=Ni2++2OH-n+1.59n2HClO(aq)+2H++2e-=Cl2(g)+2H2On+1.63nAg2O3(s)+6H++4e-=2Ag++3H2On+1.67nHClO2(aq)+2H++2e-=HClO(aq)+H2On+1.67nPb4++2e-=Pb2+n+1.69n[2]nMnO4-+4H++3e-=MnO2(s)+2H2On+1.70nH2O2(aq)+2H++2e-=2H2On+1.78nAgO(s)+2H++e-=Ag++H2On+1.77nCo3++e-=Co2+n+1.82nAu++e-=Au(s)n+1.83n[2]nBrO4-+2H++2e-=BrO3-+H2On+1.85nAg2++e-=Ag+n+1.98n[2]nS2O82-+2e-=2SO42-n+2.07nO3(g)+2H++2e-=O2(g)+H2On+2.075n[7]nHMnO4-+3H++2e-=MnO2(s)+2H2On+2.09nF2(g)+2e-=2F-n+2.87n[2][9]nF2(g)+2H++2e-=2HF(aq)n+3.05n[2]n备注：*由-0.454和(2×(-0.499)+(-0.508))÷3=-0.502推算出。